Problem: Credit

Implement a program that determines whether a provided credit card number is valid according to Luhn’s algorithm.

This course’s philosophy on academic honesty is best stated as "be reasonable." The course recognizes that interactions with classmates and others can facilitate mastery of the course’s material. However, there remains a line between enlisting the help of another and submitting the work of another. This policy characterizes both sides of that line.

The essence of all work that you submit to this course must be your own. Collaboration on problems is not permitted (unless explicitly stated otherwise) except to the extent that you may ask classmates and others for help so long as that help does not reduce to another doing your work for you. Generally speaking, when asking for help, you may show your code or writing to others, but you may not view theirs, so long as you and they respect this policy’s other constraints. Collaboration on quizzes and tests is not permitted at all. Collaboration on the final project is permitted to the extent prescribed by its specification.

Below are rules of thumb that (inexhaustively) characterize acts that the course considers reasonable and not reasonable. If in doubt as to whether some act is reasonable, do not commit it until you solicit and receive approval in writing from your instructor. If a violation of this policy is suspected and confirmed, your instructor reserves the right to impose local sanctions on top of any disciplinary outcome that may include an unsatisfactory or failing grade for work submitted or for the course itself.

Odds are you or someone you know has a credit card. That card has a number, both printed on its face and embedded (perhaps with some other data) in the magnetic stripe on back. That number is also stored in a database somewhere, so that when your card is used to buy something, the creditor knows whom to bill. There are a lot of people with credit cards in this world, so those numbers are pretty long: American Express uses 15-digit numbers, MasterCard uses 16-digit numbers, and Visa uses 13- and 16-digit numbers. And those are decimal numbers (0 through 9), not binary, which means, for instance, that American Express could print as many as 10^(15) = 1,000,000,000,000,000 unique cards! (That’s, ahem, a quadrillion.)

Now that’s a bit of an exaggeration, because credit card numbers actually have some structure to them. American Express numbers all start with 34 or 37; MasterCard numbers all start with 51, 52, 53, 54, or 55; and Visa numbers all start with 4. But credit card numbers also have a "checksum" built into them, a mathematical relationship between at least one number and others. That checksum enables computers (or humans who like math) to detect typos (e.g., transpositions), if not fraudulent numbers, without having to query a database, which can be slow. (Consider the awkward silence you may have experienced at some point whilst paying by credit card at a store whose computer uses a dial-up modem to verify your card.) Of course, a dishonest mathematician could certainly craft a fake number that nonetheless respects the mathematical constraint, so a database lookup is still necessary for more rigorous checks.

So what’s the secret formula? Well, most cards use an algorithm invented by Hans Peter Luhn, a nice fellow from IBM. According to Luhn’s algorithm, you can determine if a credit card number is (syntactically) valid as follows:

That’s kind of confusing, so let’s try an example with David’s Visa: 4003600000000014.

4003600000000014

+ Okay, let’s multiply each of the underlined digits by 2:

+ 1•2 + 0•2 + 0•2 + 0•2 + 0•2 + 6•2 + 0•2 + 4•2

+ That gives us:

+ 2 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 12 + 0 + 8

+ Now let’s add those products' digits (i.e., not the products themselves) together:

+ 2 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 2 + 0 + 8 = 13

+ . Now let’s add that sum (13) to the sum of the digits that weren’t multiplied by 2 (starting from the end):

+ 13 + 4 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 3 + 0 = 20

+ . Yup, the last digit in that sum (20) is a 0, so David’s card is legit!

So, validating credit card numbers isn’t hard, but it does get a bit tedious by hand. Let’s write a program.

Consider the below representative of how your own program should behave when passed a valid credit card number (sans hyphens).

Now, get_long itself will reject hyphens (and more) anyway:

But it’s up to you to catch inputs that are not credit card numbers (e.g., a phone number), even if numeric:

Test out your program with a whole bunch of inputs, both valid and invalid. (We certainly will!) Here are a few card numbers that PayPal recommends for testing:

https://developer.paypal.com/docs/classic/payflow/payflow-pro/payflow-pro-testing/#credit-card-numbers-for-testing

Google (or perhaps a roommate’s wallet) should turn up more. (If your roommate asks what you’re doing, don’t mention us.) If your program behaves incorrectly on some inputs (or doesn’t compile at all), time to debug!

If you’d like to play with the staff’s own implementation of credit, you may execute the below.

Test out your program with a whole bunch of inputs, both valid and invalid. (We certainly will!) Here are a few card numbers that PayPal recommends for testing:

https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/vhelp/paypalmanager_help/credit_card_numbers.htm

Google (or perhaps a roommate’s wallet) should turn up more. (If your roommate asks what you’re doing, don’t mention us.) If your program behaves incorrectly on some inputs (or doesn’t compile at all), time to debug!