Resize
tl;dr
Implement a program that resizes BMPs, per the below.
$ ./resize 4 small.bmp large.bmp
Getting Started
Here’s how to download this problem’s "distribution code" (i.e., starter code) into your own CS50 IDE. Log into CS50 IDE and then, in a terminal window, execute each of the below.
-
Execute
cd
to ensure that you’re in~/
(aka your home folder). -
Execute
mkdir pset3
to make (i.e., create) a directory calledpset3
in your home directory. -
Execute
cd pset3
to change into (i.e., open) that directory. -
Execute
wget https://cdn.cs50.net/2018/fall/psets/3/resize/less/resize.zip
to download a (compressed) ZIP file with this problem’s distribution. -
Execute
unzip resize.zip
to uncompress that file. -
Execute
rm resize.zip
followed byyes
ory
to delete that ZIP file. -
Execute
ls
. You should see a directory calledresize
, which was inside of that ZIP file. -
Execute
cd resize
to change into that directory. -
Execute
ls
. You should see a directory calledless
. -
Execute
cd less
to change into that directory. -
Execute
ls
. You should see this problem’s distribution, includingbmp.h
,copy.c
,large.bmp
,small.bmp
, andsmiley.bmp
.
Background
First, be sure you’re familiar with the structure of 24-bit uncompressed BMPs, as introduced in Whodunit.
To reiterate a bit from that lab, recall that a file is just a sequence of bits, arranged in some fashion. A 24-bit BMP file, then, is essentially just a sequence of bits, (almost) every 24 of which happen to represent some pixel’s color. But a BMP file also contains some "metadata," information like an image’s height and width. That metadata is stored at the beginning of the file in the form of two data structures generally referred to as "headers," not to be confused with C’s header files. (Incidentally, these headers have evolved over time. This problem only expects that you support the latest version of Microsoft’s BMP format, 4.0, which debuted with Windows 95.) The first of these headers, called BITMAPFILEHEADER
, is 14 bytes long. (Recall that 1 byte equals 8 bits.) The second of these headers, called BITMAPINFOHEADER
, is 40 bytes long. Immediately following these headers is the actual bitmap: an array of bytes, triples of which represent a pixel’s color. (In 1-, 4-, and 16-bit BMPs, but not 24- or 32-, there’s an additional header right after BITMAPINFOHEADER
called RGBQUAD
, an array that defines "intensity values" for each of the colors in a device’s palette.) However, BMP stores these triples backwards (i.e., as BGR), with 8 bits for blue, followed by 8 bits for green, followed by 8 bits for red. (Some BMPs also store the entire bitmap backwards, with an image’s top row at the end of the BMP file. But we’ve stored this problem set’s BMPs as described herein, with each bitmap’s top row first and bottom row last.) In other words, were we to convert the 1-bit smiley above to a 24-bit smiley, substituting red for black, a 24-bit BMP would store this bitmap as follows, where 0000ff
signifies red and ffffff
signifies white; we’ve highlighted in red all instances of 0000ff
.
ffffff ffffff 0000ff 0000ff 0000ff 0000ff ffffff ffffff
ffffff 0000ff ffffff ffffff ffffff ffffff 0000ff ffffff
0000ff ffffff 0000ff ffffff ffffff 0000ff ffffff 0000ff
0000ff ffffff ffffff ffffff ffffff ffffff ffffff 0000ff
0000ff ffffff 0000ff ffffff ffffff 0000ff ffffff 0000ff
0000ff ffffff ffffff 0000ff 0000ff ffffff ffffff 0000ff
ffffff 0000ff ffffff ffffff ffffff ffffff 0000ff ffffff
ffffff ffffff 0000ff 0000ff 0000ff 0000ff ffffff ffffff
Because we’ve presented these bits from left to right, top to bottom, in 8 columns, you can actually see the red smiley if you take a step back.
To be clear, recall that a hexadecimal digit represents 4 bits. Accordingly, ffffff
in hexadecimal actually signifies 111111111111111111111111
in binary.
Now look at the underlying bytes that compose smiley.bmp
. Within CS50 IDE’s file browser, right- or control-click smiley.bmp and select Open as hexadecimal in order to view the file’s bytes in hexadecimal (i.e., base-16). In the tab that appears, change Start with byte to 54, change Bytes per row to 24, change Bytes per column to 3. Then click Set. If unable to change these values, try clicking View > Night Mode and try again. You should see the below, byte 54 onward of smiley.bmp
. (Recall that a 24-bit BMP’s first 14 + 40 = 54 bytes are filled with metadata, so we’re simply ignoring that for now.) As before, we’ve highlighted in red all instances of 0000ff
.
ffffff ffffff 0000ff 0000ff 0000ff 0000ff ffffff ffffff
ffffff 0000ff ffffff ffffff ffffff ffffff 0000ff ffffff
0000ff ffffff 0000ff ffffff ffffff 0000ff ffffff 0000ff
0000ff ffffff ffffff ffffff ffffff ffffff ffffff 0000ff
0000ff ffffff 0000ff ffffff ffffff 0000ff ffffff 0000ff
0000ff ffffff ffffff 0000ff 0000ff ffffff ffffff 0000ff
ffffff 0000ff ffffff ffffff ffffff ffffff 0000ff ffffff
ffffff ffffff 0000ff 0000ff 0000ff 0000ff ffffff ffffff
So, smiley.bmp
is 8 pixels wide by 8 pixels tall, and it’s a 24-bit BMP (each of whose pixels is represented with 24 ÷ 8 = 3 bytes). Each row (aka "scanline") thus takes up (8 pixels) × (3 bytes per pixel) = 24 bytes, which happens to be a multiple of 4.
It turns out, though, that BMPs are stored a bit differently if the number of bytes in a scanline is not, in fact, a multiple of 4. In small.bmp
, for instance, is another 24-bit BMP, a green box that’s 3 pixels wide by 3 pixels wide. If you view it (as by double-clicking it), you’ll see that it resembles the below, albeit much smaller. (Indeed, you might need to zoom in again to see it.)
Each scanline in small.bmp
thus takes up (3 pixels) × (3 bytes per pixel) = 9 bytes, which is not a multiple of 4. And so the scanline is "padded" with as many zeroes as it takes to extend the scanline’s length to a multiple of 4. In other words, between 0 and 3 bytes of padding are needed for each scanline in a 24-bit BMP. (Understand why?) In the case of small.bmp
, 3 bytes' worth of zeroes are needed, since (3 pixels) × (3 bytes per pixel) + (3 bytes of padding) = 12 bytes, which is indeed a multiple of 4.
To "see" this padding, right- or control-click small.bmp in CS50 IDE’s file browser and select Open as hexadecimal. In the tab that appears, change Start with byte to 54, change Bytes per row to 12, and change Bytes per column to 3. Then click Set. You should see output like the below; we’ve highlighted in green all instances of 00ff00
.
00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 000000
00ff00 ffffff 00ff00 000000
00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 000000
For contrast, let’s next look at large.bmp
, which looks identical to small.bmp
but, at 12 pixels by 12 pixels, is four times as large. Right- or control-click it in CS50 IDE’s file browser, then select Open as hexadecimal. You should see output like the below; we’ve again highlighted in green all instances of 00ff00
.
00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00
00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00
00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00
00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00
00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 ffffff ffffff ffffff ffffff 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00
00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 ffffff ffffff ffffff ffffff 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00
00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 ffffff ffffff ffffff ffffff 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00
00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 ffffff ffffff ffffff ffffff 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00
00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00
00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00
00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00
00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00 00ff00
Worthy of note is that this BMP lacks padding! After all, (12 pixels) × (3 bytes per pixel) = 36 bytes is indeed a multiple of 4.
Knowing all this has got to be useful!
Specification
Implement a program called resize
that resizes (i.e., enlarges) 24-bit uncompressed BMPs by a factor of n
.
-
Implement your program in a file called
resize.c
inside of~/pset3/resize/less/
. -
Your program should accept exactly three command-line arguments, whereby
-
the first (
n
) must be a positive integer less than or equal to100
, -
the second must be the name of a BMP to be resized, and
-
the third must be the name of the resized version to be written.
+ If your program is not executed with such, it should remind the user of correct usage, as with
printf
, andmain
should return1
. -
-
Your program, if it uses
malloc
, must not leak any memory. Be sure to callfree
.
Usage
Your program should behave per the examples below. Assumed that the underlined text is what some user has typed.
$ ./resize
Usage: ./resize n infile outfile
$ echo $?
1
$ ./resize 2 small.bmp larger.bmp
$ echo $?
0
Hints
With a program like this, we could have created large.bmp
out of small.bmp
by resizing the latter by a factor of 4 (i.e., by multiplying both its width and its height by 4), per the below.
./resize 4 small.bmp large.bmp
You’re welcome to get started by copying (yet again) copy.c
and naming the copy resize.c
. But spend some time thinking about what it means to resize a BMP. (You may assume that n
times the size of infile
will not exceed 232 - 1.) Decide which of the fields in BITMAPFILEHEADER
and BITMAPINFOHEADER
you might need to modify. Consider whether or not you’ll need to add or subtract padding to scanlines. And do be sure to support a value of 1
for n
, the result of which should be an outfile
with dimensions identical to infile
's.
If you happen to use malloc
, be sure to use free
so as not to leak memory. Try using valgrind
to check for any leaks!
Testing
If you’d like to peek at, e.g., large.bmp
's headers (in a more user-friendly way than xxd
allows), you may execute the below.
~cs50/2019/x/pset3/peek large.bmp
Better yet, if you’d like to compare your outfile’s headers against those from the staff’s solution, you might want to execute commands like the below. (Think about what each is doing.)
./resize 4 small.bmp student.bmp
~cs50/2019/x/pset3/less/resize 4 small.bmp staff.bmp
~cs50/2019/x/pset3/less/peek student.bmp staff.bmp
check50
Here’s how to evaluate the correctness of your code using check50
. But be sure to compile and test it yourself as well!
check50 cs50/problems/2019/x/resize/less
Staff’s Solution
To try out the staff’s own implementation of resize
, execute
./resize
within [this sandbox](https://sandbox.cs50.io/aa2c48ff-2520-408a-9951-2b9da0934399).
How to Submit
Execute the below, logging in with your GitHub username and password when prompted. For security, you’ll see asterisks (*
) instead of the actual characters in your password.
submit50 cs50/problems/2019/x/resize/less
You can then go to https://cs50.me/cs50x to view your current scores!